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Neuromodulation of group prejudice and religious belief | Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience | Oxford Academic

People cleave to ideological convictions with greater intensity in the aftermath of threat. The posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) plays a key role in both detecting discrepancies between desired and current conditions and adjusting subsequent behavior to resolve such conflicts. Building on prior literature examining the role of the pMFC in shifts in relatively low-level decision processes, we demonstrate that the pMFC mediates adjustments in adherence to political and religious ideologies. We presented participants with a reminder of death and a critique of their in-group ostensibly written by a member of an out-group, then experimentally decreased both avowed belief in God and out-group derogation by downregulating pMFC activity via transcranial magnetic stimulation. The results provide the first evidence that group prejudice and religious belief are susceptible to targeted neuromodulation, and point to a shared cognitive mechanism underlying concrete and abstract decision processes. We discuss the implications of these findings for further research characterizing the cognitive and affective mechanisms at play.

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This work was supported by a University of California, Los Angeles Clinical and Translational Science Institute grant to D.M.T.F, M.I., C.H. and K.I. (UL1TR000124).
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We used continuous theta-burst stimulation, in which 600 pulses were applied in bursts of three pulses at 50 Hz, repeated at 5 Hz for a total of 40 seconds. A 110 mm double cone coil (Magstim Company) was connected to the magnetic stimulator (Magstim Rapid2). Differential parallel-bar EMG Sensor recording electrodes (1 cm in length; 1mm in girth; interelectrode distance of 1 cm) (Delsys, Natick MA, USA) were centered over the tibialis anterior muscle. Active motor thresholds were established as the minimum stimulus intensity that produced an objectively detectable EMG response of >100 microvolts in 5 of 10 trials during isometric contraction of the tibialis anterior muscle. The stimulation intensity in the TMS condition was set at 80% of this active motor threshold (M = 40.5% of the stimulator’s maximum output, SD = 6.42). The coil was held radially to the participant’s head.

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